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<h1 id="more-on-rendering">渲染补充（More on Rendering）</h1>
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<p>本章我们将继续讲述OpenGL如何渲染物体。为了整理代码，我们要创建一个名为<code>Mesh</code>的新类，把一个位置数组作为输入，为需要加载到显卡中的模型创建VBO和VAO对象。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">package org.lwjglb.engine.graph;
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import java.nio.FloatBuffer;
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import org.lwjgl.system.MemoryUtil;
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import static org.lwjgl.opengl.GL30.*;
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public class Mesh {
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private final int vaoId;
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private final int vboId;
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private final int vertexCount;
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public Mesh(float[] positions) {
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FloatBuffer verticesBuffer = null;
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try {
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verticesBuffer = MemoryUtil.memAllocFloat(positions.length);
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vertexCount = positions.length / 3;
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verticesBuffer.put(positions).flip();
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vaoId = glGenVertexArrays();
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glBindVertexArray(vaoId);
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vboId = glGenBuffers();
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glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, vboId);
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glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, verticesBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
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glEnableVertexAttribArray(0);
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glVertexAttribPointer(0, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
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glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
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glBindVertexArray(0);
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} finally {
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if (verticesBuffer != null) {
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MemoryUtil.memFree(verticesBuffer);
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}
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}
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}
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public int getVaoId() {
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return vaoId;
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}
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public int getVertexCount() {
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return vertexCount;
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}
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public void cleanUp() {
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glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
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// 删除VBO
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glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
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glDeleteBuffers(vboId);
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// 删除VAO
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glBindVertexArray(0);
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glDeleteVertexArrays(vaoId);
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>我们将在<code>DummyGame</code>类中实例化<code>Mesh</code>，然后将<code>Renderer</code>的<code>init</code>方法中的VAO和VBO代码删除。在<code>Renderer</code>类的渲染方法中将接收一个<code>Mesh</code>对象来渲染。<code>cleanup</code>方法也被简化，因为<code>Mesh</code>类已经提供了一个释放VAO和VBO资源的方法。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">public void render(Mesh mesh) {
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clear();
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if ( window.isResized() ) {
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glViewport(0, 0, window.getWidth(), window.getHeight());
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window.setResized(false);
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}
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shaderProgram.bind();
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// 绘制
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glBindVertexArray(mesh.getVaoId());
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glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, mesh.getVertexCount());
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// 还原状态
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glBindVertexArray(0);
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shaderProgram.unbind();
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}
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public void cleanup() {
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if (shaderProgram != null) {
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shaderProgram.cleanup();
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}
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>值得注意的一点是：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, mesh.getVertexCount());
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</code></pre>
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<p><code>Mesh</code>类通过将位置数组除以3来计算顶点的数目（因为我们使用X，Y和Z坐标）。现在，我们可以渲染更复杂的形状。来试试渲染一个正方形，一个正方形可以用两个三角形来组成，如图所示：</p>
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<p><img alt="正方形坐标" src="../_static/05/quad_coordinates.png" /></p>
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<p>如你所见，这两个三角形中的每一个都由三个顶点组成。第一个三角形由顶点V1、V2和V4（橙色的点）组成，第二个三角形由顶点V4，V2和V3（绿色的点）组成。顶点以逆时针顺序连接，因此要传递的浮点数数组应该是[V1, V2, V4, V4, V2, V3]。因此，<code>DummyGame</code>的<code>init</code>方法将是这样的：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">@Override
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public void init() throws Exception {
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renderer.init();
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float[] positions = new float[]{
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-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
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-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
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0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
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0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
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-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
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0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
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};
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mesh = new Mesh(positions);
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>现在你应该可以看到这样的一个正方形：</p>
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<p><img alt="正方形渲染" src="../_static/05/quad_rendered.png" /></p>
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<p>我们做完了吗？并没有，上述代码仍存在一些问题。我们使用了重复的坐标来表示正方形，传递了两次V2和V4坐标。这是个小图形，它可能不是什么大问题，但想象在一个更复杂的3D模型中，我们会多次重复传递坐标。记住，我们使用三个浮点数表示顶点的位置，但此后将需要更多的数据来表示纹理等。考虑到在更复杂的形状中，三角形直接共享的顶点数量甚至更高，如图所示（其顶点可以在六个三角形之间共享）：</p>
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<p><img alt="海豚" src="../_static/05/dolphin.png" /></p>
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<p>最后，我们需要更多的内存来储存重复的数据，这就是索引缓冲区（Index Buffer）大显身手的时候。为了绘制正方形，我们只需要以这样的方式指定每个顶点：V1, V2, V3, V4。每个顶点在数组中都有一个位置。V1在位置0上，V2在位置1上，等等：</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>V1</th>
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<th>V2</th>
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<th>V3</th>
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<th>V4</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>0</td>
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<td>1</td>
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<td>2</td>
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<td>3</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>然后，我们通过引用它们的位置来指定这些顶点的顺序：</p>
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<table>
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<thead>
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<tr>
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<th>0</th>
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<th>1</th>
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<th>3</th>
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<th>3</th>
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<th>1</th>
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<th>2</th>
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</tr>
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</thead>
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<tbody>
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<tr>
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<td>V1</td>
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<td>V2</td>
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<td>V4</td>
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<td>V4</td>
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<td>V2</td>
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<td>V3</td>
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</tr>
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</tbody>
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</table>
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<p>因此，我们需要修改<code>Mesh</code>类来接收另一个参数，一个索引数组，现在绘制的顶点数量是该索引数组的长度。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">public Mesh(float[] positions, int[] indices) {
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vertexCount = indices.length;
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</code></pre>
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<p>在创建了储存位置的VBO之后，我们需要创建另一个VBO来储存索引。因此，重命名储存位置的VBO的ID的变量名，并为索引VBO（<code>idxVboId</code>）创建一个ID。创建VBO的过程相似，但现在的类型是<code>GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER</code>。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">idxVboId = glGenBuffers();
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indicesBuffer = MemoryUtil.memAllocInt(indices.length);
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indicesBuffer.put(indices).flip();
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glBindBuffer(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, idxVboId);
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glBufferData(GL_ELEMENT_ARRAY_BUFFER, indicesBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
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memFree(indicesBuffer);
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</code></pre>
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<p>因为我们是在处理整数，所以需要创建一个<code>IntBuffer</code>而不是一个<code>FloatBuffer</code>。</p>
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<p>就是这样。现在VAO包含两个VBO，一个储存位置，另一个储存索引。<code>Mesh</code>类的<code>cleanUp</code>方法也必须考虑到要释放另一个VBO。</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">public void cleanUp() {
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glDisableVertexAttribArray(0);
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// 删除 VBO
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glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, 0);
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glDeleteBuffers(posVboId);
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glDeleteBuffers(idxVboId);
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// 删除 VAO
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glBindVertexArray(0);
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glDeleteVertexArrays(vaoId);
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}
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</code></pre>
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<p>最后，我们需要修改在绘制时调用的<code>glDrawArrays</code>方法：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">glDrawArrays(GL_TRIANGLES, 0, mesh.getVertexCount());
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</code></pre>
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<p>改为调用<code>glDrawElements</code>方法：</p>
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<pre><code class="language-java">glDrawElements(GL_TRIANGLES, mesh.getVertexCount(), GL_UNSIGNED_INT, 0);
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</code></pre>
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<p>方法的参数如下：
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* mode: 指定渲染的图元类型，现在是三角形，没有变化。
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* count: 指定要渲染的顶点数。
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* type: 指定索引数据的类型，现在是无符号整数型。
|
||
* indices: 指定要开始使用索引渲染的数据偏移量。</p>
|
||
<p>现在可以使用全新和更有效的方法来绘制复杂的模型了，仅需指定索引。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-java">public void init() throws Exception {
|
||
renderer.init();
|
||
float[] positions = new float[]{
|
||
-0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
|
||
-0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
|
||
0.5f, -0.5f, 0.0f,
|
||
0.5f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
|
||
};
|
||
int[] indices = new int[]{
|
||
0, 1, 3, 3, 1, 2,
|
||
};
|
||
mesh = new Mesh(positions, indices);
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>现在为示例代码添加颜色吧。我们把另一组浮点数传递给<code>Mesh</code>类，它储存了正方形中每个顶点的颜色。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-java">public Mesh(float[] positions, float[] colours, int[] indices) {
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>为了使用该数组，我们需要创建另一个VBO，它将与我们的VAO相关联。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-java">// 颜色 VBO
|
||
colourVboId = glGenBuffers();
|
||
FloatBuffer colourBuffer = memAllocFloat(colours.length);
|
||
colourBuffer.put(colours).flip();
|
||
glBindBuffer(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, colourVboId);
|
||
glBufferData(GL_ARRAY_BUFFER, colourBuffer, GL_STATIC_DRAW);
|
||
glEnableVertexAttribArray(1);
|
||
glVertexAttribPointer(1, 3, GL_FLOAT, false, 0, 0);
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>请注意<code>glVertexAttribPointer</code>方法的调用，第一个参数现在是“1”，这是着色器期望数据的位置。（当然，由于增加了一个VBO，我们需要在<code>cleanUp</code>方法中释放它）。可以看到，我们需要在渲染期间启用位置1处的VAO属性。</p>
|
||
<p>接下来是修改着色器。顶点着色器现在需要两个参数，坐标（位置0）和颜色（位置1）。顶点着色器将只输出接收到的颜色，以便片元着色器可以对其进行处理。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-glsl">#version 330
|
||
|
||
layout (location=0) in vec3 position;
|
||
layout (location=1) in vec3 inColour;
|
||
|
||
out vec3 exColour;
|
||
|
||
void main()
|
||
{
|
||
gl_Position = vec4(position, 1.0);
|
||
exColour = inColour;
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>现在，片元着色器接收由顶点着色器处理的颜色，并使用它来生成颜色。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-glsl">#version 330
|
||
|
||
in vec3 exColour;
|
||
out vec4 fragColor;
|
||
|
||
void main()
|
||
{
|
||
fragColor = vec4(exColour, 1.0);
|
||
}
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>最后要做的是修改渲染代码以使用第二个数据数组：</p>
|
||
<p>我们现在可以将如下所示的颜色数组传递给<code>Mesh</code>类，为正方形添加一些颜色。</p>
|
||
<pre><code class="language-java">float[] colours = new float[]{
|
||
0.5f, 0.0f, 0.0f,
|
||
0.0f, 0.5f, 0.0f,
|
||
0.0f, 0.0f, 0.5f,
|
||
0.0f, 0.5f, 0.5f,
|
||
};
|
||
</code></pre>
|
||
<p>然后会得到一个色彩鲜艳的正方形。</p>
|
||
<p><img alt="色彩鲜艳的正方形" src="../_static/05/coloured_quad.png" /></p>
|
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