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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<h1 id="first-steps">事前准备（First Steps）</h1>
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<h1 id="first-steps">事前准备（First Steps）</h1>
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<p>在本书中，我们将学习开发3D游戏所涉及的主要技术。本书将使用Java语言和Java轻量级游戏库(<a href="http://www.lwjgl.org/">LWJGL</a>)来编写示例代码。LWJGL库允许我们访问底层的API（应用程序接口），例如OpenGL。</p>
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<p>在本书中，我们将学习开发3D游戏所涉及的主要技术。本书将使用Java语言和Java轻量级游戏库(<a href="http://www.lwjgl.org/">LWJGL</a>)来编写示例代码。LWJGL库允许我们访问底层的API（应用程序接口），例如OpenGL。</p>
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<p><strong>本书中源代码发布于<a href="https://github.com/lwjglgamedev/lwjglbook"><strong>GitHub</strong></a></strong>。</p>
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<p><strong>本书中源代码发布于<a href="https://github.com/lwjglgamedev/lwjglbook"><strong>GitHub</strong></a></strong>。</p>
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<h1 id="the-game-loop">游戏循环（The Game Loop）</h1>
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<h1 id="the-game-loop">游戏循环（The Game Loop）</h1>
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<p>在本章中，我们将通过创建游戏循环来开始开发游戏引擎。游戏循环是每个游戏的核心部分，它基本上是一个无休止的循环，负责周期地处理用户的输入、更新游戏状态和渲染图像到屏幕上。</p>
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<p>在本章中，我们将通过创建游戏循环来开始开发游戏引擎。游戏循环是每个游戏的核心部分，它基本上是一个无休止的循环，负责周期地处理用户的输入、更新游戏状态和渲染图像到屏幕上。</p>
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<h1 id="a-brief-about-coordinates">坐标简介（A brief about coordinates）</h1>
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<h1 id="a-brief-about-coordinates">坐标简介（A brief about coordinates）</h1>
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<p>本章中我们将讨论坐标和坐标系（Coordinate System），尝试以简单的方式介绍一些基本的数学概念，为后面章节将要介绍的技术和内容提供帮助。我们将会将一些内容简化，以易于学习，但牺牲了准确性。</p>
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<p>本章中我们将讨论坐标和坐标系（Coordinate System），尝试以简单的方式介绍一些基本的数学概念，为后面章节将要介绍的技术和内容提供帮助。我们将会将一些内容简化，以易于学习，但牺牲了准确性。</p>
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<p>如果你不能清楚地理解这些概念，别担心。在下一章中，它们将用实例表现出来。</p>
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<p>如果你不能清楚地理解这些概念，别担心。在下一章中，它们将用实例表现出来。</p>
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<h1 id="rendering">渲染（Rendering）</h1>
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<p>在本章中，我们将学习用OpenGL渲染场景时要做的事项。如果你已经习惯了OpenGL的旧版本，习惯了使用固定管线，你可能会跳过这一章，不想知道为什么它需要这么复杂。它其实更简单、更灵活，你只需要给它一个表现的机会。现代OpenGL使你只需考虑一个问题，这可以使你以更合理的方式组织代码和开发。</p>
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<p>在本章中，我们将学习用OpenGL渲染场景时要做的事项。如果你已经习惯了OpenGL的旧版本，习惯了使用固定管线，你可能会跳过这一章，不想知道为什么它需要这么复杂。它其实更简单、更灵活，你只需要给它一个表现的机会。现代OpenGL使你只需考虑一个问题，这可以使你以更合理的方式组织代码和开发。</p>
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<p>这就是我们的第一个三角形！你也许会想这并不会使它成为前十名的游戏，你的想法是对的。你也可以认为这是一件无聊的事情来画一个无聊的三角形。但请记住，我们正在介绍关键的概念，并准备基于架构来做更复杂的事情，请耐心等待，继续阅读。</p>
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<p>这就是我们的第一个三角形！你也许会想这并不会使它成为前十名的游戏，你的想法是对的。你也可以认为这是一件无聊的事情来画一个无聊的三角形。但请记住，我们正在介绍关键的概念，并准备基于架构来做更复杂的事情，请耐心等待，继续阅读。</p>
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<p>本章我们将继续讲述OpenGL如何渲染物体。为了整理代码，我们要创建一个名为<code>Mesh</code>的新类，把一个位置数组作为输入，为需要加载到显卡中的模型创建VBO和VAO对象。</p>
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<p>本章我们将继续讲述OpenGL如何渲染物体。为了整理代码，我们要创建一个名为<code>Mesh</code>的新类，把一个位置数组作为输入，为需要加载到显卡中的模型创建VBO和VAO对象。</p>
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<h1 id="transformations">变换（Transformations）</h1>
|
<h1 id="transformations">变换（Transformations）</h1>
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<h2 id="_1">投影</h2>
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<h2 id="_1">投影</h2>
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@@ -569,31 +550,22 @@ void main()
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<p>最后只需要修改<code>DummyGame</code>类，创建一个<code>GameItem</code>实例，让其与<code>Mesh</code>关联，并添加一些逻辑来位移、旋转和缩放四边形。因为这只是个测试示例，没有添加太多内容，所以你可以在本书的源代码中找到相关代码。</p>
|
<p>最后只需要修改<code>DummyGame</code>类，创建一个<code>GameItem</code>实例，让其与<code>Mesh</code>关联，并添加一些逻辑来位移、旋转和缩放四边形。因为这只是个测试示例，没有添加太多内容，所以你可以在本书的源代码中找到相关代码。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../05-more-on-rendering/">渲染补充</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../06-transformations/">变换</a>
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|
||||||
<ul class="current">
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|
||||||
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal current" href="./">纹理</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal current" href="#">纹理</a>
|
||||||
<ul class="current">
|
<ul class="current">
|
||||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_1">创建一个三维立方体</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_1">创建一个三维立方体</a>
|
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@@ -80,135 +73,123 @@
|
|||||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_3">透明纹理简介</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_3">透明纹理简介</a>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../09-loading-more-complex-models/">加载更复杂的模型</a>
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|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../24-hud-revisited/">回顾HUD - NanoVG</a>
|
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||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../25-optimizations-frustum-culling/">优化 - 截锥剔除</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../25-optimizations-frustum-culling/">优化 - 截锥剔除</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../26-cascaded-shadow-maps/">级联阴影映射</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../26-cascaded-shadow-maps/">级联阴影映射</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../27-assimp/">Assimp库</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../28-deferred-shading/">延迟着色法</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../28-deferred-shading/">延迟着色法</a>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/">术语表</a>
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<h1 id="textures">纹理（Textures）</h1>
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<h1 id="textures">纹理（Textures）</h1>
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<h2 id="_1">创建一个三维立方体</h2>
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<h2 id="_1">创建一个三维立方体</h2>
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<p>即使启用了混合并设置了功能，也可能看不到正确的透明效果。其原因是深度测试，当使用深度值丢弃片元时，我们可能将具有透明度的片元与背景混合，而不是与它们后面的片元混合，这将得到错误的渲染结果。为了解决该问题，我们需要先绘制不透明物体，然后按深度递减顺序绘制具有透明度的物体（应先绘制较远物体）。</p>
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<p>即使启用了混合并设置了功能，也可能看不到正确的透明效果。其原因是深度测试，当使用深度值丢弃片元时，我们可能将具有透明度的片元与背景混合，而不是与它们后面的片元混合，这将得到错误的渲染结果。为了解决该问题，我们需要先绘制不透明物体，然后按深度递减顺序绘制具有透明度的物体（应先绘制较远物体）。</p>
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<p>本章中我们将学习如何在渲染的三维场景中移动。该功能就像是有一台可以在三维世界中运动的摄像机，然而事实上摄像机就是描述该功能的术语。</p>
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<h1 id="loading-more-complex-models">加载更复杂的模型（Loading more complex models）</h1>
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<h1 id="loading-more-complex-models">加载更复杂的模型（Loading more complex models）</h1>
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<p>本章中我们将学习加载在外部文件中定义的复杂模型。这些模型将使用3D建模工具(例如<a href="https://www.blender.org/">Blender</a>)创建。到目前为止，我们已经通过直接编码定义其几何图形的数组来创建模型。但在本章中，我们将学习如何加载以OBJ格式定义的模型。</p>
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<p>本章中我们将学习加载在外部文件中定义的复杂模型。这些模型将使用3D建模工具(例如<a href="https://www.blender.org/">Blender</a>)创建。到目前为止，我们已经通过直接编码定义其几何图形的数组来创建模型。但在本章中，我们将学习如何加载以OBJ格式定义的模型。</p>
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<h1 id="let-there-be-light">要有光（Let there be light）</h1>
|
<h1 id="let-there-be-light">要有光（Let there be light）</h1>
|
||||||
<p>在本章中，我们将学习如何为3D游戏引擎添加光照。我们不会去实现一个完美的光照模型，因为抛开复杂性不谈，它还需要消耗大量的计算机资源，相反我们只需要一个近似的、像样的光照效果：我们将使用名为 <strong>Phong</strong> 的着色算法（由Bui Tuong Phong开发）。另一个需要注意的是，我们将只模拟光照，但不会模拟这些光照所产生的阴影（这将在后续章节中实现）。</p>
|
<p>在本章中，我们将学习如何为3D游戏引擎添加光照。我们不会去实现一个完美的光照模型，因为抛开复杂性不谈，它还需要消耗大量的计算机资源，相反我们只需要一个近似的、像样的光照效果：我们将使用名为 <strong>Phong</strong> 的着色算法（由Bui Tuong Phong开发）。另一个需要注意的是，我们将只模拟光照，但不会模拟这些光照所产生的阴影（这将在后续章节中实现）。</p>
|
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|||||||
<p><img alt="光照效果" src="../_static/10/lightning_result.png" /></p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../10-let-there-be-light/">要有光</a>
|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_1">平行光</a>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_3">多光源</a>
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<h1 id="let-there-be-even-more-light">要有更多的光（Let there be even more light）</h1>
|
<h1 id="let-there-be-even-more-light">要有更多的光（Let there be even more light）</h1>
|
||||||
<p>在本章中，我们将实现在此前章节中介绍的其他类型的光。我们先从平行光开始。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_1">文本渲染</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../23-3d-object-picking/">三维物体选取</a>
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|
||||||
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||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../24-hud-revisited/">回顾HUD - NanoVG</a>
|
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|
||||||
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../25-optimizations-frustum-culling/">优化 - 截锥剔除</a>
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<h1 id="hudgame-hud">游戏HUD（Game HUD）</h1>
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<h1 id="hudgame-hud">游戏HUD（Game HUD）</h1>
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<p>在本章中，我们将为游戏创建一个HUD（Heads-Up Display，平视显示器）。换句话说，就是一组用于在三维场景上，随时显示相关信息的二维图形和文本。本例中将创建一个简单的HUD，这可为我们展现一些显示信息的基本技术。</p>
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<p>在本章中，我们将为游戏创建一个HUD（Heads-Up Display，平视显示器）。换句话说，就是一组用于在三维场景上，随时显示相关信息的二维图形和文本。本例中将创建一个简单的HUD，这可为我们展现一些显示信息的基本技术。</p>
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<p>一个更简洁的方法是使用<a href="https://github.com/nothings/stb/">stb</a>库来渲染文本。</p>
|
<p>一个更简洁的方法是使用<a href="https://github.com/nothings/stb/">stb</a>库来渲染文本。</p>
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<h1 id="sky-box-and-some-optimizations">天空盒与一些优化 (Sky Box and some optimizations)</h1>
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<h1 id="sky-box-and-some-optimizations">天空盒与一些优化 (Sky Box and some optimizations)</h1>
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<h1 id="height-maps">高度图（Height Maps）</h1>
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<h1 id="height-maps">高度图（Height Maps）</h1>
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<p>本章中我们将学习如何使用高度图创建复杂的地形。在开始前，你会注意到我们做了一些重构。我们创建了一些新的包和移动了一些类以更好地组织它们。你可以在源代码中了解这些改变。</p>
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<p>本章中我们将学习如何使用高度图创建复杂的地形。在开始前，你会注意到我们做了一些重构。我们创建了一些新的包和移动了一些类以更好地组织它们。你可以在源代码中了解这些改变。</p>
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@@ -451,31 +432,22 @@ public class Terrain {
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|||||||
<p>你可以在地形周围移动相机，看看它是如何渲染的。由于还没有实现碰撞检测，你可以穿过它并从上面看它。由于我们已经启用了面剔除，当从下面观察时，地形的某些部分不会渲染。</p>
|
<p>你可以在地形周围移动相机，看看它是如何渲染的。由于还没有实现碰撞检测，你可以穿过它并从上面看它。由于我们已经启用了面剔除，当从下面观察时，地形的某些部分不会渲染。</p>
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<h1 id="terrain-collisions">地形碰撞（Terrain Collisions）</h1>
|
<h1 id="terrain-collisions">地形碰撞（Terrain Collisions）</h1>
|
||||||
<p>此前我们创建了一个地形，接下来就是检测碰撞以避免穿过它。回忆一下之前的内容，一个地形是由地形块组成的，每个地形块都是由高度图生成的，高度图用于设置构成地形的三角形的顶点高度。</p>
|
<p>此前我们创建了一个地形，接下来就是检测碰撞以避免穿过它。回忆一下之前的内容，一个地形是由地形块组成的，每个地形块都是由高度图生成的，高度图用于设置构成地形的三角形的顶点高度。</p>
|
||||||
<p>为了检测碰撞，我们必须将当前所在位置的<strong>Y</strong>值与当前地形点的<strong>Y</strong>值进行比较。如果有碰撞，我们需要回到地形上方。很简单的想法，是吗？确实是这样，但在比较之前，我们需要进行几次计算。</p>
|
<p>为了检测碰撞，我们必须将当前所在位置的<strong>Y</strong>值与当前地形点的<strong>Y</strong>值进行比较。如果有碰撞，我们需要回到地形上方。很简单的想法，是吗？确实是这样，但在比较之前，我们需要进行几次计算。</p>
|
||||||
<p>我们首先要定义的是我们对“当前位置”这个词的理解。由于我们还没有一个球员的概念，答案很简单，当前的位置将是相机的位置。因此，我们已经有了比较的组成部分之一，因此，接下来要计算的是当前位置的地形高度。
|
<p>首先要定义的是“当前位置”这个词的概念。由于我们还没有一个“玩家”的概念，当前位置将是摄像机的位置。这样我们就有了比较的一方，因此接下来要计算当前位置的地形高度。</p>
|
||||||
首先要定义的是“当前位置”这个词的概念。由于我们还没有一个“玩家”的概念，因此当前位置将是摄像机的位置。这样我们就有了比较的一方，因此接下来要计算当前位置的地形高度。</p>
|
<p>如上所述，地形由地形块组成，如下图所示。</p>
|
||||||
<p>如上所是，地形由地形块组成，如下图所示。</p>
|
|
||||||
<p><img alt="地形网格" src="../_static/15/terrain_grid.png" /></p>
|
<p><img alt="地形网格" src="../_static/15/terrain_grid.png" /></p>
|
||||||
<p>每个地形块都是由相同的高度图网格构成，但被精确地缩放和位移，以形成看起来像是连续的景观的地形网格。</p>
|
<p>每个地形块都是由相同的高度图网格构成，但被精确地缩放和位移，以形成看起来像是连续的景观的地形网格。</p>
|
||||||
<p>所以首先要做的是确定当前位置(摄像机位置)在哪个地形块。为了得到它，我们将基于位移和缩放来计算每个地形块的包围盒(<strong>BoundingBox</strong>)。因为地形在运行时不会移动或缩放，所以我们可以在<code>Terrain</code>类的构造方法中计算。这样就可以在任何时候访问它们，而不需要在每个游戏循环周期中重复这些计算。</p>
|
<p>所以首先要做的是确定当前位置(摄像机位置)在哪个地形块。为了得到它，我们将基于位移和缩放来计算每个地形块的包围盒(<strong>BoundingBox</strong>)。因为地形在运行时不会移动或缩放，所以我们可以在<code>Terrain</code>类的构造方法中计算。这样就可以在任何时候访问它们，而不需要在每个游戏循环周期中重复这些计算。</p>
|
||||||
@@ -433,31 +413,22 @@ if ( camera.getPosition().y <= height ) {
|
|||||||
<p>有许多可行的解决方案可以避免这个效应，最简单的解决方法是将要进行的计算分成增量较小的多份。</p>
|
<p>有许多可行的解决方案可以避免这个效应，最简单的解决方法是将要进行的计算分成增量较小的多份。</p>
|
||||||
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|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<p>在处理更复杂的问题之前，我们将学习如何在游戏引擎中创建雾特效。有了这个特效，就可以模拟遥远的物体变暗，似乎消失在浓雾中。</p>
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<p>在处理更复杂的问题之前，我们将学习如何在游戏引擎中创建雾特效。有了这个特效，就可以模拟遥远的物体变暗，似乎消失在浓雾中。</p>
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<h1 id="normal-mapping">法线贴图（Normal Mapping）</h1>
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<h1 id="normal-mapping">法线贴图（Normal Mapping）</h1>
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<p>本章中将讲解一项技术，它将极大地改善我们的3D模型的外观。到目前为止，我们已经能够将纹理使用到复杂的3D模型上，但这还离真实物体的样子很远。现实世界中的物体表面不是完全光滑的，它们有我们的3D模型目前所不具有的瑕疵。</p>
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<p>本章中将讲解一项技术，它将极大地改善我们的3D模型的外观。到目前为止，我们已经能够将纹理使用到复杂的3D模型上，但这还离真实物体的样子很远。现实世界中的物体表面不是完全光滑的，它们有我们的3D模型目前所不具有的瑕疵。</p>
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@@ -345,31 +326,22 @@ sceneShaderProgram.setUniform("normalMap", 1);
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<p>我们现在仍使用这个简单的实现，但请记住，你必须总是使用在模型空间中定义的法线贴图。如果使用切线空间中定义的贴图，就会变得很奇怪。为了能够让它们一同工作，我们需要使用特定的矩阵来将坐标变换到切线空间。</p>
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<p>我们现在仍使用这个简单的实现，但请记住，你必须总是使用在模型空间中定义的法线贴图。如果使用切线空间中定义的贴图，就会变得很奇怪。为了能够让它们一同工作，我们需要使用特定的矩阵来将坐标变换到切线空间。</p>
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<h1 id="shadows">阴影（Shadows）</h1>
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<h2 id="_1">阴影映射</h2>
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@@ -501,31 +482,22 @@ shadowFactor /= 9.0;
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<p>为了渲染多个光源，你只需要为每个光源渲染一个深度图。在渲染场景时，你需要采样所有的深度图来计算合适的阴影系数。</p>
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<p>为了渲染多个光源，你只需要为每个光源渲染一个深度图。在渲染场景时，你需要采样所有的深度图来计算合适的阴影系数。</p>
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<h1 id="animations">动画（Animations）</h1>
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<h1 id="animations">动画（Animations）</h1>
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<p>这就是全部内容了，现在你已经有了一个用于动画MD5模型的可工作示例。源代码仍能改进，你可以修改在每个渲染周期中加载的矩阵，以便在帧之间插入。你可以查看本章中使用的资源，了解如何实现该功能。</p>
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<p>这就是全部内容了，现在你已经有了一个用于动画MD5模型的可工作示例。源代码仍能改进，你可以修改在每个渲染周期中加载的矩阵，以便在帧之间插入。你可以查看本章中使用的资源，了解如何实现该功能。</p>
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<h1 id="particles">粒子（Particles）</h1>
|
<h1 id="particles">粒子（Particles）</h1>
|
||||||
<h2 id="_1">基础</h2>
|
<h2 id="_1">基础</h2>
|
||||||
@@ -832,31 +813,22 @@ void main()
|
|||||||
<p>现在，我们有了粒子动画。在下章中，我们讲学习如何优化渲染流程。我们正在渲染具有相同网格的多个元素，并为每个元素进行绘制调用。在下章中，我们讲学习如何在单个调用中渲染它们。这种技术不仅适用于粒子，也适用于渲染共享同一模型，但被放在不同位置或具有不同纹理的多个元素的场景。</p>
|
<p>现在，我们有了粒子动画。在下章中，我们讲学习如何优化渲染流程。我们正在渲染具有相同网格的多个元素，并为每个元素进行绘制调用。在下章中，我们讲学习如何在单个调用中渲染它们。这种技术不仅适用于粒子，也适用于渲染共享同一模型，但被放在不同位置或具有不同纹理的多个元素的场景。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../09-loading-more-complex-models/">加载更复杂的模型</a>
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|
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|
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|
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<ul class="current">
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<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal current" href="./">实例化渲染</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1 current"><a class="reference internal current" href="#">实例化渲染</a>
|
||||||
<ul class="current">
|
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|
||||||
<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_1">很多实例</a>
|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l2"><a class="reference internal" href="#_3">扩展</a>
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|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../24-hud-revisited/">回顾HUD - NanoVG</a>
|
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|
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||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../25-optimizations-frustum-culling/">优化 - 截锥剔除</a>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../26-cascaded-shadow-maps/">级联阴影映射</a>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../27-assimp/">Assimp库</a>
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|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../28-deferred-shading/">延迟着色法</a>
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|
||||||
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../glossary/">术语表</a>
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<h2 id="_1">很多实例</h2>
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<h2 id="_1">很多实例</h2>
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@@ -396,31 +377,22 @@ void main()
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<p>请记住，这还有很大的优化空间，但这本书的目的是指导你学习LWJGL和OpenGL的概念和技术。我们的目标不是创建一个完整的游戏引擎（绝对不是一个体素引擎，它需要不同的方法和更多的优化）。</p>
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<p>请记住，这还有很大的优化空间，但这本书的目的是指导你学习LWJGL和OpenGL的概念和技术。我们的目标不是创建一个完整的游戏引擎（绝对不是一个体素引擎，它需要不同的方法和更多的优化）。</p>
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<h1 id="audio">音频（Audio）</h1>
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<p>在此之前我们一直在处理图像，但每个游戏的另一个关键面是音频。本章将在<a href="https://www.openal.org" title="OpenAL">OpenAL</a>（Open Audio Library，开放音频库）的帮助下实现这个功能。OpenAL就像是OpenGL在音频的相似物，它允许我们通过抽象层播放声音。该层将我们与音频子系统的复杂底层隔离开来。此外，它还允许我们可以三维场景中特定的位置设置声音，“渲染”声音，随着距离衰减并根据它们的速度进行修改（模拟<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect">多普勒效应</a>）。</p>
|
<p>在此之前我们一直在处理图像，但每个游戏的另一个关键面是音频。本章将在<a href="https://www.openal.org" title="OpenAL">OpenAL</a>（Open Audio Library，开放音频库）的帮助下实现这个功能。OpenAL就像是OpenGL在音频的相似物，它允许我们通过抽象层播放声音。该层将我们与音频子系统的复杂底层隔离开来。此外，它还允许我们可以三维场景中特定的位置设置声音，“渲染”声音，随着距离衰减并根据它们的速度进行修改（模拟<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Doppler_effect">多普勒效应</a>）。</p>
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<p>后记，OpenAL还允许你通过使用<code>alDistanceModel</code>并传递你想使用的模型（<code>AL11.AL_EXPONENT_DISTANCE</code>，<code>AL_EXPONENT_DISTANCE_CLAMP</code>，等等）。你可以用它们来播放并检查效果。</p>
|
<p>后记，OpenAL还允许你通过使用<code>alDistanceModel</code>并传递你想使用的模型（<code>AL11.AL_EXPONENT_DISTANCE</code>，<code>AL_EXPONENT_DISTANCE_CLAMP</code>，等等）。你可以用它们来播放并检查效果。</p>
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<h1 id="3d-object-picking">三维物体选取（3D Object Picking）</h1>
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<h1 id="3d-object-picking">三维物体选取（3D Object Picking）</h1>
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<h2 id="_1">摄像机选取</h2>
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||||||
@@ -333,31 +314,22 @@ this.selectDetector.selectGameItem(gameItems, camera);
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<p>之后你可以参考一篇<a href="https://capnramses.github.io/opengl/raycasting.html" title="优秀文章">优秀文章</a>中背完所解释的步骤的细节，其中包含了涉及不同方案的非常详细的说明。</p>
|
<p>之后你可以参考一篇<a href="https://capnramses.github.io/opengl/raycasting.html" title="优秀文章">优秀文章</a>中背完所解释的步骤的细节，其中包含了涉及不同方案的非常详细的说明。</p>
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<h1 id="hud-nanovghud-revisited-nanovg">回顾HUD - NanoVG（HUD Revisited - NanoVG）</h1>
|
<h1 id="hud-nanovghud-revisited-nanovg">回顾HUD - NanoVG（HUD Revisited - NanoVG）</h1>
|
||||||
<p>在此前的章节中，我们讲解了如何使用正交投影在场景顶部创建一个HUD以渲染图形和纹理。在本章中，我们将学习如何使用<a href="https://github.com/memononen/nanovg">NanoVG</a>库来渲染抗锯齿矢量图形，从而以简单的方式创建更复杂的HUD。</p>
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<p>在此前的章节中，我们讲解了如何使用正交投影在场景顶部创建一个HUD以渲染图形和纹理。在本章中，我们将学习如何使用<a href="https://github.com/memononen/nanovg">NanoVG</a>库来渲染抗锯齿矢量图形，从而以简单的方式创建更复杂的HUD。</p>
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@@ -311,31 +292,22 @@ window.restoreState();
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<p><img alt="Hud" src="../_static/24/hud.png" /></p>
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<h1 id="-optimizations-frustum-culling">优化 - 截锥剔除（Optimizations - Frustum Culling）</h1>
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<h1 id="-optimizations-frustum-culling">优化 - 截锥剔除（Optimizations - Frustum Culling）</h1>
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<h2 id="-">优化 - 截锥剔除一</h2>
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<h2 id="-">优化 - 截锥剔除一</h2>
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<p>使用该方法，你甚至可以达到更高的FPS。此外，还向<code>Window</code>类中添加了一个全局标记，以启用或禁用截锥剔除。<code>GameItem</code>类也有启用或禁用过滤的标记，因为对于某些项，截锥剔除过滤可能没有意义。</p>
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<p>使用该方法，你甚至可以达到更高的FPS。此外，还向<code>Window</code>类中添加了一个全局标记，以启用或禁用截锥剔除。<code>GameItem</code>类也有启用或禁用过滤的标记，因为对于某些项，截锥剔除过滤可能没有意义。</p>
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<h1 id="cascaded-shadow-maps">级联阴影映射（Cascaded Shadow Maps）</h1>
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<h1 id="cascaded-shadow-maps">级联阴影映射（Cascaded Shadow Maps）</h1>
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||||||
<p>在阴影一章中，我们介绍了阴影映射技术，以便在渲染三维场景时使用平行光显示阴影。此前介绍的方案中要求你手动调整一些参数以改进效果。在本章中，我们将修改该技术，以自动化所有流程，并改进在开放空间中的效果。为了达到目的，我们将使用一种称为级联阴影映射（CMS，Cascaded Shadow Map）的技术。</p>
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<p>在阴影一章中，我们介绍了阴影映射技术，以便在渲染三维场景时使用平行光显示阴影。此前介绍的方案中要求你手动调整一些参数以改进效果。在本章中，我们将修改该技术，以自动化所有流程，并改进在开放空间中的效果。为了达到目的，我们将使用一种称为级联阴影映射（CMS，Cascaded Shadow Map）的技术。</p>
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<p><img alt="最终效果" src="../_static/26/csmpng.png" /></p>
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<p>这个示例的复杂之处在于Assimp结构的调整，使其适应本书中使用的引擎，并预先计算每个帧的数据。此外，这些概念与动画一章中的概念类似。你可以尝试修改源代码以在帧之间插入，以获得更平滑的动画。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../05-more-on-rendering/">渲染补充</a>
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<h1 id="deferred-shading">延迟着色法（Deferred Shading）</h1>
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<h1 id="deferred-shading">延迟着色法（Deferred Shading）</h1>
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<p>到目前为止，我们渲染三维场景的方式称为正向渲染法（Forward Rendering）。我们首先渲染3D对象，并在片元着色器中应用纹理和光照效果。如果我们有一个具有多种光照和复杂效果的复杂片元着色器处理阶段，这种方法就不是很高效。此外，我们最终可能会将这些效果应用到稍后可能由于深度测试而被丢弃的片元上（尽管这并不完全正确，如果我们启用<a href="https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Early_Fragment_Test">早期片元测试</a>的话）。</p>
|
<p>到目前为止，我们渲染三维场景的方式称为正向渲染法（Forward Rendering）。我们首先渲染3D对象，并在片元着色器中应用纹理和光照效果。如果我们有一个具有多种光照和复杂效果的复杂片元着色器处理阶段，这种方法就不是很高效。此外，我们最终可能会将这些效果应用到稍后可能由于深度测试而被丢弃的片元上（尽管这并不完全正确，如果我们启用<a href="https://www.khronos.org/opengl/wiki/Early_Fragment_Test">早期片元测试</a>的话）。</p>
|
||||||
@@ -988,31 +969,22 @@ uniform sampler2D depthText;
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<p>最后要注意的一点是，如果你想了解这些技术在现实中的应用，可以查看<a href="http://www.adriancourreges.com/blog/2015/11/02/gta-v-graphics-study/" title="GTA V - Graphics Study">这个极好的说明</a>，了解GTA V的帧是如何渲染的。</p>
|
<p>最后要注意的一点是，如果你想了解这些技术在现实中的应用，可以查看<a href="http://www.adriancourreges.com/blog/2015/11/02/gta-v-graphics-study/" title="GTA V - Graphics Study">这个极好的说明</a>，了解GTA V的帧是如何渲染的。</p>
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<h1 id="a-openglopengl-debugging">附录 A - OpenGL调试（OpenGL Debugging）</h1>
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<h1 id="a-openglopengl-debugging">附录 A - OpenGL调试（OpenGL Debugging）</h1>
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<p>调试OpenGL程序可能是一项艰巨的任务。在大多数情况下，你会看到一个黑屏，你无法知道到底发生了什么。为了缓解这个窘况，我们可以使用一些现有的工具来提供关于渲染流程的更多信息。</p>
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<p>调试OpenGL程序可能是一项艰巨的任务。在大多数情况下，你会看到一个黑屏，你无法知道到底发生了什么。为了缓解这个窘况，我们可以使用一些现有的工具来提供关于渲染流程的更多信息。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../09-loading-more-complex-models/">加载更复杂的模型</a>
|
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|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../10-let-there-be-light/">要有光</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../10-let-there-be-light/">要有光</a>
|
||||||
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../11-let-there-be-even-more-light/">要有更多的光</a>
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|
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|
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|
||||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../13-sky-box-and-some-optimizations/">天空盒与一些优化</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../13-sky-box-and-some-optimizations/">天空盒与一些优化</a>
|
||||||
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|
||||||
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|
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||||||
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|
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|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../15-terrain-collisions/">地形碰撞</a>
|
||||||
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||||||
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||||||
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||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../16-fog/">雾</a>
|
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|
||||||
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||||
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|
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||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../18-shadows/">阴影</a>
|
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|
||||||
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../19-animations/">动画</a>
|
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|
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|
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|
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|
||||||
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../20-particles/">粒子</a>
|
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|
||||||
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|
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../21-instanced-rendering/">实例化渲染</a>
|
<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../21-instanced-rendering/">实例化渲染</a>
|
||||||
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="../a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<p><strong>面剔除（Face Culling）：</strong> 剔除无用或看不到的面，以提升性能的OpenGL功能。</p>
|
<p><strong>面剔除（Face Culling）：</strong> 剔除无用或看不到的面，以提升性能的OpenGL功能。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="05-more-on-rendering/">渲染补充</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="06-transformations/">变换</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="08-camera/">摄像机</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="09-loading-more-complex-models/">加载更复杂的模型</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="10-let-there-be-light/">要有光</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="11-let-there-be-even-more-light/">要有更多的光</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="13-sky-box-and-some-optimizations/">天空盒与一些优化</a>
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<li class="breadcrumb-item active">《用LWJGL 3开发3D游戏(3D Game Development with LWJGL 3)》中文翻译</li>
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<h1 id="lwjgl-33d3d-game-development-with-lwjgl-3">《用LWJGL 3开发3D游戏(3D Game Development with LWJGL 3)》中文翻译</h1>
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<h1 id="lwjgl-33d3d-game-development-with-lwjgl-3">《用LWJGL 3开发3D游戏(3D Game Development with LWJGL 3)》中文翻译</h1>
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<h2 id="_1">本书原介绍</h2>
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<p>如果你喜欢本译本，请Star并分享它。如果你想捐助译者，请通过下面的链接捐助：<a href="https://afdian.net/@mouse">爱发电</a>。</p>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./09-loading-more-complex-models/">加载更复杂的模型</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./10-let-there-be-light/">要有光</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./11-let-there-be-even-more-light/">要有更多的光</a>
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||||||
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./13-sky-box-and-some-optimizations/">天空盒与一些优化</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./24-hud-revisited/">回顾HUD - NanoVG</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./25-optimizations-frustum-culling/">优化 - 截锥剔除</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<li class="toctree-l1"><a class="reference internal" href="./a01-opengl-debugging/">附录 A - OpenGL调试</a>
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<p>2019, Mouse0w0</p>
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return base + "/" + path;
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
|
function escapeHtml (value) {
|
||||||
|
return value.replace(/&/g, '&')
|
||||||
|
.replace(/"/g, '"')
|
||||||
|
.replace(/</g, '<')
|
||||||
|
.replace(/>/g, '>');
|
||||||
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
function formatResult (location, title, summary) {
|
function formatResult (location, title, summary) {
|
||||||
return '<article><h3><a href="' + joinUrl(base_url, location) + '">'+ title + '</a></h3><p>' + summary +'</p></article>';
|
return '<article><h3><a href="' + joinUrl(base_url, location) + '">'+ escapeHtml(title) + '</a></h3><p>' + escapeHtml(summary) +'</p></article>';
|
||||||
}
|
}
|
||||||
|
|
||||||
function displayResults (results) {
|
function displayResults (results) {
|
||||||
|
|||||||
File diff suppressed because one or more lines are too long
155
sitemap.xml
155
sitemap.xml
@@ -1,158 +1,3 @@
|
|||||||
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
<?xml version="1.0" encoding="UTF-8"?>
|
||||||
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
|
<urlset xmlns="http://www.sitemaps.org/schemas/sitemap/0.9">
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
<url>
|
|
||||||
<loc>None</loc>
|
|
||||||
<lastmod>2021-09-27</lastmod>
|
|
||||||
<changefreq>daily</changefreq>
|
|
||||||
</url>
|
|
||||||
</urlset>
|
</urlset>
|
||||||
BIN
sitemap.xml.gz
BIN
sitemap.xml.gz
Binary file not shown.
Reference in New Issue
Block a user